Inona no atao hoe format ?

Na manao lahatsoratra ianao, na mikitikitika sary, na mamboatra takelaka eto amin' ny tranonkala, na mihaino mozika, na mijery tantara amin' ny solosaina, dia mikirakira raki-daza foana. Mba hahafahan' ny rindrankajinao manokatra, mamaky ary manova azy ireny dia ilaina ny format. Ny format no ahafahan' ny logiciel mamaky sy mampiasa ary mandika ny données ao anaty fichier. Raha lazaina amin' ny tny hafa dia hoe ny format no fomba andaminana ny données ao anaty fichier. Matetika dia ny extension-n' ny fichier no mamaritra ny format-ny : ny extension dia ireo tovana (litera telo mazàna) aorian' ny teboka farany amin' ny anaran' ilay fichier. Ohatra : nytakelako.htm dia fichier iray manana format html. Samy manana ny format natokana ho azy ny sary (ohatra JPEG, PNG, GIF, TIF, BMP), ny teksta brut (ASCII, matetika dia manana ny tovana TXT), ny teksta nohatsaraina endrika (avec mise en forme : HTML, RTF, DOC), ny takelaka vonona hatonta (PDF, PS), sns.

Format malalaka sa format manan-tompo

Mba hahafahana miasa amin' ny fichier iray, dia mila rindrankajy isika hanokafana, hamakiana, hanovana ary hitahirizana ny laza ao anatin' io raki-daza io.

FORMAT MALALAKA - Atao hoe malalaka (na mivoha) ny format iray raha toa ka mangarahara ny drafitra fipetrahan' ny laza ao anatin' ny raki-daza, ary/na azon' ny daholobe fantarina ny famaritana izany fandaminana ny laza izany. Amin' ny ankapobeny dia fenitra izay avoakan' ny fanjakana na fikambanana iraisam-pirenena izy ireny, ary ny tanjona dia ny hisian' ny fitsipika tsy maintsy harahina mba ho azo antoka fa ho voavaky sy ho azo ampiasaina amin' ny rindrankajy maro samihafa ny raki-daza. Misy ihany koa anefa ny format malalaka izay ny orinasa namorona azy no nanapa-kevitra ny hizara ny famaritana izany ho an' ny daholobe.
Tsara hotsindriana fa ny format misokatra iray dia mety ho mangarahara tanteraka ny firafiny (azo vakiana amin' ny alàlan' ny logiciel afaka mamaky teksta tsotra rehetra, toy ny HTML) na manana rafitra binaire (Tsy voavaky araky ny fomba etsy ambony, kanefa afaka adika sy vakiana tsara amin' ny alàlan' ny fampiasana ny toromarika ho an' ny daholobe izay nozarain' ny mpamorona ilay forma.

FORMAT MANAN-TOMPO - Atao hoe manan-tompo ny format iray raha tsy nomena ho fantatry ny besinimaro ny famaritana ny rafitra mifehy azy. Izy ireny dia format novolavolain' ny orinasa mba hifehy ny laza vokariny : ny rindrankajy novolavolain' io orinasa io ihany koa no ho afaka hamaky tsy misy diso sy hamaky tanteraka ny laza ao anatin' ny raki-daza manana izany format izany. Ny format manan-tompo koa dia azo arovana amin' ny lalàna amin' ny alàlan' ny fametrahana brevé ka ahafahana mitaky ny handoavan' izay mampiasa izany zon' ny mpamorona.
Fanamarihana momba ny terminolojia ampiasaina: ny ataontsika hoe format manan-tompo eto dia izay lazain' ny hafa hoe format mihidy. Tsy irinay ny hanosoka hevitra noho ny terminolojia ampiasainay fa hoe izay format rehetra tsy voasokajy ao amin' ilay "manan-tompo" dia ao anatin' ny sokajin' ny format malalaka. Efa voalaza teo aloha fa misy ny format malalaka izay novolavolain' ny orinasa. Ny maha-samihafa ny format malalaka sy ny format manan-tompo dia eo amin' ny fanomezana manontolo na tsia ny famaritana ny drafitry ny format ho an' ny daholobe.

Fampiasana sy fifanakalozana raki-daza amin' ny format manan-tompo

Mihanaka be ny format manan-tompo ankehitriny noho izy ireo ampiasain' ny rindrankajy maro dia maro fanamboarana lahatsoratra sy sary. Ny format manan-tompo dia mandrafitra ny laza ao anaty raki-daza mba tsy hisy hahavaky izany afa-tsy ny rindrankajy noforonina manokana mihitsy mba hamaky azy irery ihany. Ankilan' izay, ny format malalaka dia manome toky fa ilay raki-daza dia tokony ho voavakin' izay rindrankajy rehetra natao hamaky azy.
Ny maha-samihafa ny format malalaka sy ny format manan-tompo dia mety tsy ho tazana loatra ho an' ny fikirakirana anaty ny raki-daza. Ny fonosin' izay hoe fikirakirana anaty izay dia fikirakiran' ny olona iray raki-daza ho an' ny tenany manokana, na fikambanan' olona maromaro izay efa miara-mifanaiky ny amin' ny rindrankajy hampiasainy hamakiany ireo .
Rehefa mivelatra kosa ny toerana hampiasana ny raki-daza, ka efa misy fizarana izany ho an' ny daholobe (ohatra hoe apetraka amin' ny tranonkala, na alefa ho tovona [*attachment*] amin' ny imailaka; izany hoe rehefa misy endrika fifandraisana ka tsy misy fifanarahana ankolaka na mivantana eo amin' ny mpanome ny raki-daza sy izay mpandray azy momba ny rindrankajy hampiasaina), dia mivandravandra sy mavesa-danja itsy fahasamihafana voalaza tetsy ambony itsy.

Antony efatra tsy hampiasana ny format manan-tompo

Raha misy olona iray hikirakira raki-daza ho azy samirery, na vondron' olona maromaro nifanaiky mialoha ny amin' ilay raki-daza ho enti-miara-miasa, dia tsy maninona ary tsy misy tsininy loatra ny fampiasana ny format manan-tompo. Ny fifanakalozana raki-daza kosa anefa dia fanao miseho matetika ary tsy ny olona na vondron' olona misingana irery intsony no voakasika amin' izany, fa izay rehetra mety ho mpampiasa ny raki-daza. Ny fifanakalozana raki-daza dia mety hitaky famadihana ilay format tany am-piandohana ho amina format vaovao mifanaraka amin' ny fizarana ilay raki-daza. Ny format malalaka, araka izany, dia efa format azo hifanakalozana raki-daza soa aman-tsara : miantoka ny accessibilité, interoperabilité ary pérennité-ny laza izy, izany hoe ho voavaky ilay raki-daza, azo ampiasaina amin' ny milina rehetra, ary tsy ho sakana tsy hahavakiana azy ny fotoana mety ho lasa.
Etsy andanin' izany, raha mizara raki-daza amin' ny format manan-tompo ianao dia mandray anjara sy mamporisika amin' ny fomba amam-panao tsy mahasoa sasantsasany

1. Mety tsy hahavaky ilay raki-daza ny olona andefasana azy
2. Mety hanaparitaka tsiambaratelo (information confidentielle) ilay raki-daza
3. Manome vahana ny fiparitahan' ny viriosy ianao ary mampitombo ny taha mety hahavoa anao koa
4. Manamafy ny fanjakan-tokana efa misy eo amin' ny sehatry ny informatika

1. Mety tsy hahavaky ilay raki-daza ny olona andefasana azy

1. Matetika dia vidiam-bola ny rindrankajy afaka mamaky ny format manan-tompo. Ny fizarana raki-daza amin' ny format manan-tompo, araka izany dia manery ankolaka ny olona andefasana ilay fichier mba hanana io rindrankajy io : izay olona tsy manana ny ho enti-manana hividianana io rindran-kajy io izany dia tsy afaka hamaky ilay raki-daza.
2. Marina fa azo vidiana ilay rindrankajy. Raha ekena ary fa nividy ilay rindrankajy ny olona hampiasa ilay raki-daza, ampy ve izay hinoana marimarina fa afaka hamaky ny ao anatin' ilay raki-daza manontolo izy? Indrisy fa tsia: paikady iray arahin' ny ankabeazan' ny orinasa mpamorona rindrankajy ny manova tsikelikely ny format ananany. Izay maniry hanohy hampiasa izany format izany dia voatery hividy ny fanavaozana ny rindrankajy.
3. Tetikady mitovitovy amin' izay (« Embrace and Extend »∞) : amin' ny voalohany aloha dia format malalaka no ampiasainy, dia ovany tsikelikely izany ka manjary tsy mivady amin' ny rindrankajy hafa intsony, ary ny hiafarany dia lasa format manan-tompo ihany ilay format malalaka.

Ny format manan-tompo na koa ny sarintsarina format malalaka [*semi-proprietaires*] dia entin' ny tetikadin' ny orinasa manana azy, ka tsy mamaly velively ny hetahetan' ny mpampiasa azy, dia tsy inona fa ny accessibilité, ny interoperabilité ary ny pérennité.

2. Mety hanaparitaka tsiambaratelo (information confidentielle) ilay raki-daza

Ao anatin' ny format manan-tompo dia misy toerana ametrahana information izay tsy hitan' ny daholobe. Ny mpamorona ilay format sy ny mpamorona ny rindrankajy mamaky ilay raki-daza irery ihany, izay mahafantatra ny tetika (algorithme) sy ny fanalahidy hahafahana mamakifango manontolo ilay raki-daza, no afaka mamaky izany information izany.
Mazàna eo am-piraketana ny raki-daza, dia atsofok' ilay rindrankajy ireo informations tsy hitan' ny besinimaro ireo, toy ny anaran' ny mpamorona ilay raki-daza, ny numéro de série an' ilay rindrakajy, ny sokajin' ny mpandrindra milina, ny milina nampiasaina, ny fehin-drakitra nametrahana ilay raki-daza, sns ... Ny sasany amin' ireny information ireny dia mety ho mangarahara be ny fango nanoratana azy, ary tsy ho fantatry ny mpamorona ilay raki-daza izany kanefa azon' ny besinimaro vakiana: ohatra iray malaza indrindra amin' ny voka-dratsy tsy ampoizina noho ny fampiasana format manan-tompo handefasana raki-daza angamba ilay nandefa taratasy tsy voasonia tamin' ny format MSWord, kanjo ny anaran' ny mpanoratra dia hita manontolo tao amin' ny mombamomba ny raki-daza (propriétés).
Azo heverina ny hisian' ny vokany ratsy kokoa rehefa tsy fanosihosena ny zon' ny tsirairay ny amin' ny laza manokana fotsiny no mitranga, fa ohatra hoe tsiambaratelon' ny tafika na ara-barotra no entin' ilay raki-daza. Mahagaga ihany ny mieritreritra hoe anatin' ny raki-daza hifanakalozan' ny ministeran' ny fiarovana ao amin' ny firenena A dia mety hisy ampahany izay orinasa ao amin' ny firenena B ihany no afaka mamaky izany.
Ny fanelezana raki-daza amin' ny format manan-tompo dia midika ho fanelezana fampahalalana izay tsy misy na iza na iza, afa-tsy ny tompon' ny mpamorona ny rindrankajy hamaky izany ihany, no afaka hamaky azy.

3. Manome vahana ny fiparitahan' ny viriosy ianao ary mampitombo ny taha mety hahavoa anao koa

Ny ankamaroan' ny viriosy hita ankehitriny dia taterin' ny raki-daza ifanakalozan' ny mpampiasa informatika. Manararaotra ny fisian' ny kileman' ny rindrankajy na ny lohamilina sasany eo amin' ny lafiny sécurité izy ireny mba hanatanterahany lahatrasa manimba zavatra na mamaky fampahalalana, ary izany dia tsy fantatr' ilay olona manokatra ilay raki-daza akory. Ny mahatonga ny fihanahan' ny viriosy dia satria ny ankabeazan' ny olona dia mampiasa rindrankajy mitovy ary mifanakalo raki-daza amin' ny format an' izay rindrankajy izay, izany hoe format manan-tompo.
Ny ankamaroan' ny viriosy araka izany dia sady raiki-tampisaka amin' ny lohamilina, no amin' ny rindrankajy ihany koa. Ny fialana amin' ny format manan-tompo sy ny rindrankajy iray natokana ho azy matetika dia ampy hiarovana ny solosaina amin' ny sokajina viriosy iray manontolo (ohatra iray lehibe amin' izany ny viriosy entin' ny macro anaty raki-daza manana format MSWord).
Ny fampiasana format malalaka - format tsy miankina amina rindrankajy iray, azo ampiasaina amin' ny plateforme samihafa fa tsy iray fotsiny - dia mampihena ny herin' ny viriosy sy fieliny : mora kokoa mantsy ny mamorona viriosy amin' ny alalan' ny fitadiavana izay lesoka amin' ny rindrankajy be mpampiasa iray sy ny tsy fahalalan' ny ankabeazan' ny mpampiasa izany, noho ny hoe hametraka viriosy ao anatin' ny format mihitsy, izay mety ho sokafan' ny olona amin' ny rindrankajy maro samihafa sy plateforme samihafa.

4. Manamafy ny fanjakan-tokana efa misy eo amin' ny sehatry ny informatika

Ity tranga ity dia tsy mahakasika loatra ny mpampiasa informatika iray misingana, kanefa zava-dehibe tokoa ho an' ny fikambanam-ben' ny mpampiasa informatika. Ny fanelezana raki-daza amin' ny format manan-tompo, dia manery ankolaka ny andefasana ilay raki-daza mba hampiasa rindrankajy mitovy amin' ilay anao nanao an' ilay raki-daza. Toy ny hoe ampanarahinao hafatra ankolaka ny raki-daza hoe: "Mampiasà rindrankajy mitovy amin' ilay nampiasaiko raha tsy izany tsy hahavaky izay nosoratako ianao". Io tranga io - izay misy ihany koa rehefa mieritreritra samirery (tsy misy porofo) ilay mpandefa hoe "ny olona rehetra andefasana ity raki-daza ity dia azo antoka fa efa manana rindrankajy mitovy amin' ny ahy" - dia miteraka vokany roa :

1. Voalohany, io fanao io dia manery ny olona hampiasa ny format manan-tompo ho format ifanakalozana, ary manamafy ny ambain-dain' ny format manan-tompo : izany hoe mampiaraka ny accessibilité, ny interopérabilité ary ny pérennité -n' ny votoatin' ny raki-daza amin' ny safidy politikan' ny mpamorona ny raki-daza samirery. Raha indray andro izy manapa-kevitra (na voatery) hamarana ny famokarany ilay rindrankajy mpamaky/mpanova raki-daza amin' ilay format-ny, dia ny raki-daza rehetra misy amin' io format io dia hanjary tsy ho azo ampiasaina intsony: satria tsy misy mahalala ny fango sy famaritana ilay format, dia tsy hisy afaka hamaky ny ao anatin' ireo raki-daza ireo.
2. Faharoa, manome toerana ny fanjakan-tokana, satria io fanao io dia misakana ny hisian' ny fifaninanana madio eo amin' ny mpamorona rindrankajy, fifaninanana izay fepetra ekana eran-tany fa tsy maintsy mitoetra mba hisian' ny fandrosoan' ny teknolojia, ary koa manakatona ny varavarana tokony hivohan' ny famaritana ny format sy ny fikatsahana ny hametrahana standard public ho an' ny famoronana rindrankajy, izay antoky ny fifaninanana voalaza teo.

Antony efatra hankafizana ny format malalaka

Ny fampiasana format malalaka hifanakalozana raki-daza dia midika fa ianao dia:

1. Mitsinjo ny laza amin' ny accessibilité sy pérénnité: Afaka matoky ny mpanoratra fa hanana fahalalahana mandrakariva hamaky sy hanova izay ao anatin' ny raki-daza.
2. Miantoka fa mangarahara ny votoatin' ny laza zaraina: Afaka matoky ny mpanoratra fa tsy misy fampahalalana tsiambaratelo mety haelin' ilay raki-daza.
3. Miady amin' ny viriosy: Matoky ny mpandefa sy ny andefasana fa tsy hitondra viriosy ilay raki-daza.
4. Manohana ny firoboroboan' ny fahasamihafana sy ny interopérabilité eo amin' ny sehatry ny informatika.

Inona no format manan-tompo tokony hofadina ?

Ny format manan-tompo dia tsy format mety amin' ny fifanakalozana raki-daza. Ny ankabeazan' ny tahirin-kevitra na documents amin' ny format manan-tompo natokana haely dia mora avadika amin' ny format malalaka izay ahitana ireo toetra sy endrika tao anatiny. Ireto avy ireo format manan-tompo tena tokony hofadiana:

Lahatsoratra MS Word (DOC)
Tabilao sy toby MS Excel (XLS)
Présentations MSPowerPoint (PPS et PPT)
Sary bitmap miloko 256 (GIF)
Sary bitmap ambony kalitao (BMP, TIF)
Kisary manara-drefy (images vectorielles) (WMF)

Lahatsoratra MS Word (DOC)

Ny format MS Word dia format manan-tompo mangarahara amin' ny ampahany namboarin' i Microsoft. Izany hoe ny sasany amin' ny vaovao voafango ao anatin' ilay raki-daza dia azo vakiana ary ny sasany kosa tsy azo.
Ny caractéristiques de formatage sy mise en page-n' ny lahatsoratra manana format MS Word dia hita ao amin' ny format malalaka Ooo - standard mifototra amin' ny l'XML ary volavolain' ny suite malalaka OpenOffice izay mitandrina ny fenitra napetraky ny W3 Consortium: ny format OpenOffice - noho ny toetrany manaja ny portabilité sy ny compatibilité - dia manana tanjona ho référence amin' ny standard-n' ny lahatsoratra voakaly.
Raha toa lahatsoratra tsy nomanina havoaka an-taratasy no zaraina, dia ny mampiasa ny format malalaka HTML no tsara indrindra, satria ny navigateur rehetra dia afaka hamaky izany ary ny éditeur de texte rehetra koa dia ahafahana manova azy. Raha toa moa ka mila mise en page anankiray mihitsy (ohatra hoe nomanina ho amin' ny impression), dia ny format malalaka PS na PDF no tsara. Raha lahatsoratra siantifika indray ilay izy dia ny format malalaka TeX sy ny DVI no mety indrindra.
Vahaolana iray azo atao koa, kanefa tsy ny tsara indrindra fa mba azo leferina kokoa noho ny format MS Word eo amin' ny asa itambarana ny format semi-propriétaire RTF, izay format malalaka tany am-piandohany ary voavakin' ny ankabeazan' ny rindrankajy mikirakira lahatsoratra misy sary rehetra.

Tabilao sy toby MS Excel (XLS)

MS Excel koa dia format an' i Microsoft, izany hoe format manan-tompo. Ny vahaolana mety indrindra hasolo ny MS Excel ho an' ny mpampiasa tabilao sy laza manana format teksta dia ny teksta madio ("Comma Separated Values" - CSV) izay avahan' ny singan-daza iray na maromaro, ohatra hoe ny teboka amam-paingo. Ny CSV dia azo vakiana, azo ovaina ary azo tehirizina amin' ny alalan' ny rindrankajy rehetra fikirakirana toby, nefa tsy dia mavesatra loatra.

Présentations MSPowerPoint (PPS et PPT)

Mihabetsaka tokoa ny présentations amin' ny format MS Powerpoint izay hita amin' ny tranonkala: ny vahaolana mety indrindra hizarana présentation amin' ny format malalaka (raha tsy hoe angaha manan-danja lehibe loatra ny ravaka avoaky ny Powerpoint toy ny animation sy ny transition) dia ny format PDF izay tsy mena mitaha na eo amin' ny resaka hatsarana (ny kisary manara-drefy dia azo alehibeazina na akelezina araka izay ilana azy) na eo amin' ny resaka portabilité (tsy miova ny endrika sy firindran' ilay rakibolana na solosaina hafa aza, izay mety ho hafa koa ny mpandrindra milina mitondra azy).

Sary bitmap miloko 256 (GIF)

Ho an' ny sary tsy mitaky gamme chromatique mivelatra be, dia mahasolo tsara ny format GIF ny format malalaka PNG.

Sary bitmap ambony kalitao (BMP, TIF)

Ho an' ny sary mitaky définition chromatique manify kosa, toy ny BMP sy ny TIF, dia azo ampiasaina tsara ny JPEG, izay sady format malalaka no standard ihany koa.

Kisary manara-drefy (WMF)

Ny format WMF izay ampiasaina amin' ny kisary manara-drefy (image vectorielle) dia manana ny format malalaka mitovy aminy dia ny SVG.

Inona no format malalaka azoko ampiasaina ?

Ny fomba tsotra indrindra hamakiana, hitehirizana ary ifanakalozana laahtsoratra dia ny soratra ranoray ihany, izany hoe format ASCII.
Teksta ranoray (ASCII)

Raha toa misy sary na mila endrika sy rafitra dia aleo mampiasa ny format HTML.
Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML)

Misy koa ny format malalaka natokana ho an' ny lahatsoratra misy kajy (matematika), dia ny TeX.
TeX, LaTeX ary Device Independent Format (DVI)

If you need to collaborate with a team to work on the same document, but you cannot handle HTML files or need features not supported by HTML, you should use the Open Document Format - the document standard for office applications - or a semi-open alternative like the Rich Text Format:
Open Document Format
Rich Text Format (RTF)

Eo amin' ny présentation sy ny fanatontana (impression) lahatsoratra ambony kalitao indray, dia ny format PostScript (PS) sy ny Portable Document Format (PDF) no tokony hampiasaina.
PostScript (PS)
Portable Document Format (PDF)

Ho an' ny sary dia ireto avy ny format malalaka azo isafidianana:
Joint Photographic Expert Group (JPEG)
Portable Network Graphics (PNG)
Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG)

Teksta ranoray (ASCII)

Raha azo atao, dia tsara mihitsy ny miezaka foana mampiasa ny teksta ranoray (format ascii na .txt): miantoka izany fa ho voavakin' izay andefasana azy foana ilay lahatsoratra, na inona na inona rindrakajy, solosaina, na mpitondra milina ampiasainy. Raha mandefa imailaka ianao, ka izay votoatiny no zava-dehibe kokoa noho ny endrika, dia aleo tonga dia soratana mivantana ny hafatra toy izay ampanarahina amina raki-daza hafa.
Ny teksta ranoray dia tsy mitondra viriosy mihitsy, maivana ary azo avadika mora foana ho tabilao (sarahan' ny faingo na tabulation) izay azon' ny rindrankajy rehetra vakiana.

Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML)

Ny fango HTML dia fango manara-penitra ary ny W3_Consortium izay fikambanana iraisam-pirenena tsy miankina iray no misahana sy mametra azy. Ny HTML madio (tsy misy javascript sy applet na activex) dia tsy mitondra viriosy ary mety voavaky amin' ny solosaina rehetra.
Fanamarihana: Misy fango HTML avoakan' ny rindrankajy Word an' i Microsoft izay tsy format malalaka zato isan-jato na dia HTML aza. Noho izany dia mety hanisy fampahafantarana tsy mety aseho amin' ny solosaina sasantsasany izy io.

W3: HyperText Markup Language (HTML)∞

TeX, LaTeX et Device Independent Format (DVI)

TeX dia sady fanomezana endrika lahatsoratra no fanamboarana rindran' asa ihany koa. Tamin' ny voalohany izy dia natokana ho an' ny lahatsoratra matematika fa ankehitriny dia ampiasaina amin' ny sehatra maro hafa.

LaTeX ihany koa dia mitovy tanteraka amin' izay TeX izay. Avy amin' ny TeX no notsorina mba hahafahany manatanteraka baiko avo lenta, izany hoe tahaka ny nahazoana ny HTML avy amin' ny SGML ny LaTeX amin' ny TeX.

DVI. Ny TeX na LaTeX dia azo lazaina hoe sora-drindra (source) ka rehefa ahodina (compilé) dia manome ny format DVI, izay azo vakiana amin' ny milina rehetra. Matetika dia avadika ho format PDF na PS io vokatra farany io.


TeX User Group (TUG)∞
LaTeX Project∞
TeX Showcase∞

Rich Text Format (RTF)

I Microsoft no nampiasa voalohany ny format RTF mba ho format iraisana amin' ny endriky ny lahatsoratra. Izay vitan' ny format DOC dia vitany daholo, ary (tany am-boalohany) dia format malalaka izy ka fantatry ny besinimaro ny famaritana azy. Ny ankabiazan' ny rindrankajy mpikirakira teny dia afaka mamaky sy mampiasa io format io, saingy misy ny rindrankajy manasosoka tovana hafa izay mahatonga azy ho tsy format malalaka zato isan-jato intsony, ka mety ho tsy ho voavaky amin' ny milina hafa.

PostScript (PS)

Ny format PostScript dia ahafahana manao famavarana ny takelaka. Adobe no namorona azy tamin' ny taona 1985, ary natokana ho an' ny fanatontana sy ny asa printy izy. Mety amin' ny milina sy ny rindrankajy rehetra izy, ary azo avadika ho PostScript avokoa ny lahatsoratra rehetra, na inona format-ny na inona. Tsy afaka mitondra viriosy koa ny PostScript. Ny tsy itovizany amin' ny format PDF dia tsy ahafahana mandika izay miseho eo amin' ny efijery izy ka hametahana izany amin' ny asa hafa. Misy imprimantes sasantsasany afaka mamoaka raki-daza manana format PostScript ('Imprimer dans un fichier'), dia misy koa ny rindrankajy maimaim-poana toy ny GhostScript azo ampiasaina hanamboarana raki-daza amin' ny format PostScript.

PostScript Language Specifications∞

Portable Document Format (PDF)

Ny format PDF (Portable Document Format), novolavolain' i Adobe, dia format mety hanaovana présentation, ary ny famaritana azy dia hita amin' ny tranonkala. Tsy mifidy milina, solosaina, imprimante ny PDF, nefa mora kirakiraina (afaka ovaina ny police, afaka asiana rohy, fanamarihana) ary afaka jerena eo amin' ny efijery ihany koa. Adobe Acrobat ohatra na GhostScript no ahafahana mamorona rakidaza amin' ny format PDF na ataon' ny asa sasany amin' ny Linux ihany koa.

Adobe PDF Specifications∞

Joint Photographic Expert Group (JPEG)

Ny format JPEG (jaipegy) dia anisan' ny format mahomby indrindra ankehitriny hamiazana sary. Format malalaka ary maivana ahafahana mametra ny tahan' ny hafihina/hatsaran' ny sary izy. Azo isafidianana izany taha izany ka raha tianao ny sary ambony kalitao dia lehibe kokoa ny vesatry ny raki-daza, ary raha fiazana be loatra ny sary dia miharatsy ny kalitaony. Rehefa sokafana sy tehirizina miverimberina ny sary dia miharatsy hatrany ny kalitaony, ary tsy azo iverenana izany fihasimban' ny sary izany.
Misy koa ny JPEG progressif, izay manamora ny fampisehoana ny sary omen' ny internet amin' ny efi-jery, izay miseho tsikelikely arakaraka ny fahatongavany. Ny standard vaovao JPEG_2000, izay mbola eo an-dàlam-panamboarana, dia manatsara ny taha hafihina/hatsaran' ny sary ary ahafahana manasokajy ny sary amin' ny alàlan' ny teny manan-danja (mots clés).


Joint Photographic Expert Group∞
W3: JPEG Overview and Specifications∞
JPEG 2000 Overview and Specifications∞

Portable Network Graphics (PNG)

Ny PNG-8 sy PNG-24 dia format malalaka tanteraka ary maimaim-poana. Mifaninana amin' ny format GIF izy, natao indrindra hanatsarana ny fampisehoana ny sary amin' ny internet. Amin' ny famihizana ny sary (compression) dia tsy misy miova toy ny amin' ny JPEG izy, ary ny ankamaroan' ny navigateurs dia afaka mamaky azy.
Raha eo amin' ny havesatry ny raki-daza dia lehibe izy noho ny JPEG, nefa kosa afaka heverina fa afaka mahasolo tsara ny format GIF.


W3 - Portable Network Graphics: Overview and Specifications∞

Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG)

Ho an' ny kisary manara-drefy indray (formats vectoriels) dia nisy hatramin' ny taona 1998 ny SVG : Scalable Vector Graphics, format malalaka azo avy amin' ny asa fikarohana nataon' ny W_Consortium. Format miainga avy amin' ny drafitry ny standard maro (XML, CSS, HTML) ahafahana mamorona sary manara-drefy, azo halehibiazina na hakelezina, manampy amin' ny fitsitsiana ny bande passante ny SVG. Manamora ny mise en page ary sary afaka alehibeazina na akelezina ny sary nefa tsy mampihontsona ny hakantony. Mety ho dynamique sy interactif ny SVG, ary mety hanambarana, hanovana na hampivondronana kisary maro ho lasa kisary hafa.

W3: Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) - Overview and Specifications∞

Rohy

a. Organisations

b. Initiatives pour la promotion des formats ouverts

c. Résolutions institutionnelles et actions législatives

Mombamomba ity lahatsoratra ity

The goal of openformats.org is to create a freely-available and comprehensive documentation on open formats. The texts are edited by a community of voluntary contributors. The license we use grants free access to our content in the same sense as free software is licensed freely. This principle is known as copyleft. That is to say, openformats.org content can be copied, modified, and redistributed so long as the new version grants the same freedoms to others and acknowledges the authors of the openformats.org article used (a direct link back to the article satisfies our author credit requirement). openformats.org articles therefore will remain free forever and can be used by anybody subject to certain restrictions, most of which serve to ensure that freedom.

To fulfill the above goals, the text contained in openformats.org is licensed to the public under the GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL). The full text of this license can be found here: GNU Free Documentation License.

The text of the GFDL is the only legally binding document; what follows is our interpretation of the GFDL: the rights and obligations of users and contributors.

IMPORTANT: If you want to use content from openformats.org, first read the Users' rights and obligations section. You should then read the GNU Free Documentation License.

Users' rights and obligations

If you want to use openformats.org materials in your own books/articles/web sites or other publications, you can do so, but you have to follow the GFDL. If you are simply duplicating an openformats.org article, you must follow section 2 of the GFDL on verbatim copying.

If you create a derivative version by changing or adding content, this entails the following:

• your materials in turn have to be licensed under GFDL,
• you must acknowledge the authorship of the article (section 4B), and
• you must provide access to the "transparent copy" of the material (section 4J). (The "transparent copy" of an openformats.org article is its wiki text.)

You may be able to partially fulfil the latter two obligations by providing a conspicuous direct link back to the openformats.org article hosted on this website. You also need to provide access to a transparent copy of the new text. However, please note that the administrators of the openformats.org website makes no guarantee to retain authorship information and a transparent copy of articles. Therefore, you are encouraged to provide this authorship information and a transparent copy with your derived works.

Example notice

An example notice, for an article that uses content from openformats.org might read as follows:

This article is licensed under the <a href="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html">GNU Free Documentation License</a>. It uses material from the <a href="http://www.openformats.org/foo">openformats.org article "Foo"</a>.

("Foo" and the openformats.org URL must of course be substituted accordingly.)

Alternatively you can distribute your copy of Foo along with a copy of the GFDL (as explained in the text) and list at least five (or all if fewer than five) principal authors on the title page (or top of the document).

Contributors' rights and obligations

If you contribute material to openformats.org, you thereby license it to the public under the GFDL (with no invariant sections, front-cover texts, or back-cover texts). In order to contribute, you therefore must be in a position to grant this license, which means that either:

• you own the copyright to the material, for instance because you produced it yourself, or
• you acquired the material from a source that allows the licensing under GFDL, for instance because the material is in the public domain or is itself published under GFDL.

the first case, you retain copyright to your materials. You can later republish and relicense them in any way you like. However, you can never retract the GFDL license for the versions you placed here: that material will remain under GFDL forever. In the second case, if you incorporate external GFDL materials, as a requirement of the GFDL, you need to acknowledge the authorship and provide a link back to the network location of the original copy. If the original copy required invariant sections, you have to incorporate those into the openformats.org article; it is however very desirable to replace GFDL texts with invariant sections by original content without invariant sections whenever possible.

Using copyrighted work from others

If you use part of a copyrighted work under "fair use", or if you obtain special permission to use a copyrighted work from the copyright holder under the terms of our license, you must make a note of that fact (along with names and dates). It is our goal to be able to freely redistribute as much of openformats.org material as possible, so original images and sound files licensed under the GFDL or in the public domain are greatly preferred to copyrighted media files used under fair use.

Never use materials that infringe the copyrights of others. This could create legal liabilities and seriously hurt the project. If in doubt, write it yourself.

Note that copyright law governs the creative expression of ideas, not the ideas or information themselves. Therefore, it is perfectly legal to read an encyclopedia article or other work, reformulate it in your own words, and submit it to openformats.org.

List of contributors

People who contributed to this document are (in chronological order):

• Dario Taraborelli - Founder and administrator of the project (first Italian and French translations).
• Bastien Guerry - Co-founder and administrator of the project.
• Mahefa Randimbisoa - Malagasy translation.
• Marco Lorenzo Crociani - Audio formats sections: it56 - it57 - it69 - it6A - it6B - it6C
• Nikolaos S. Karastathis - Modern Greek translation.
• Nils Linderberg - German translation.
• Yan Brailowsky - Contributing translations of pages in English, French and Spanish.
• Julio Puigpinos - Spanish translation.
• Jian Ping - Simplified Chinese translation.

openformats.org is constantly looking for translators and contributors. Want to join? Go to the registration page.

Unknown action "navigation text="[[mg Renintakelaka]]""

Hifandray aminay

Raisina an-tànan-droa izay torohevitra rehetra hanatsarana ity sehatra ity.
Azonao asiana fanamarihana ny takelaka rehetra eto amin' ny openformats.org. Azonao atao koa ny mametraka ny sosokevitrao ao amin' ny séction Intranet (Mila fisoratana anarana).
Afaka manoratra ihany koa ianao raha tianao izany.